1.
What structures or tissues or organs are included in each of
the following body systems?
2.
What are the names of the four basic anatomical planes?
3.
What does each of these directional terms mean?
4.
What are the names of the body cavities?
1.
What are the levels of organization in the body from
simplest to most complex functioning units?
2.
Which has a larger surface area – a small cell, or a large
cell?
3.
What are the 3 essential structures of the cell? What is the
function of each? What are the characteristics of each? What structures are
contained in each?
4.
What are the functions of the epithelia? What are its
characteristics?
5.
What are the three major types of cellular junctions and
where in the animal’s body might you find an example of each of these types?
6.
What is the purpose of the basement membrane? What can cancerous
cells do to the basement membrane?
7.
Name the different types of special surfaces on epithelial
cells. Where might you expect to find cells with each of these types of special
surfaces?
8.
What are the three characteristics we use to classify
epithelial tissue?
9.
What are the names of the different types of epithelia? What
do they look like, where do you find them and what do they do?
1.
What structures are considered to be part of the integument?
2.
What are the functions of the integument?
3.
Where would you find the thickest skin on the animal?
4.
What are the two layers of the skin?
5.
Name the four different kinds of cells found in the
epidermis. What does each one do?
6.
Which one of the epidermal layers is the one in which cell
division takes place? What layers does that new cell have to migrate through
prior to being sloughed off? What happens to the shape of that cell as it
migrates up through the lower layers to the top?
7.
How many epidermal layers are there in skin covered with
fur?
8.
What is the special name for tactile hairs, and what do
these hairs do?
9.
Which layer of skin is used to make leather? What structures
are contained in it?
10.
What are the 2 layers of the dermis? What is the deeper
layer composed of (what kind of tissue)? How do tension lines influence the
placement of incisions?
11.
Which species have the top of their nose referred to as the
planum nasale? In which species is it referred to as the planum nasolabiale? Is
a wet nose indicative of a healthy animal?
12.
Where are the chestnuts located? What about ergots?
13.
Name the parts of the hair. What are the three types of
hair?
14.
What are two exocrine glands associated with the skin? Where
are the anal glands located, and what is their function?
15.
What does declawing surgery in cats involve?
16.
Review the parts of the hoof.
17.
What do we call species of cattle that are bred to be
horn-free?
1.
What are the four general types of stimuli that the sensory
receptors of common domestic animals are sensitive to?
2.
What is meant by the term “general senses” – what are the
five general senses?
3.
What do we mean by “special senses”? Which two are chemical?
Which sense organ has more than one function (what are the two special senses
it is in charge of?)?
4.
What is the function of a tapetum lucidum, and which species
do not have one? Where are the photoreceptors of the eye located? Fibers of
what muscle type dilate and constrict the pupil? What is the function of the
lens? What four structures of the eye are refractive?
5.
What is the nictitating membrane? What does it do when the
animal is sick or coming out of anesthetic?
1.
What are the three sections of the skeleton?
2.
What are the four classifications of bone by shape? What is
the purpose of each?
3.
Name the characteristics and functions of bone.
4.
What effect does the hormone calcitonin have on bone? What
about parathyroid hormone?
5.
What is the difference between osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
When is a bone cell considered to be an osteocyte?
6.
If you were to observe the two cut on the median plane, what
are some differences between compact bone and spongy bone?
7.
Where would you find periosteum and endosteum? Which one
provides the bone with most of its nutrition?
8.
Would you find more yellow bone marrow in an older or
younger animal? Why?
9.
Trace the blood supply to bones (what structures do arteries
have to pass through?). What structure often gets mistaken for cracks in the
bone?
10.
What are the two mechanisms of ossification (bone
development)? What happens in each?
11.
Where do fractures often occur in young animals? Why would
they occur more often here?
12.
If we classify processes by whether they are: articular,
non-articular, or depressions, give some example of processes belonging to each
of these classes.
13.
What are the three types of cartilage, and where in the body
would you find each type? What makes it difficult for injuries to cartilage to
heal?
14.
How many bones are there in the skulls of most mammals? What
are the names of the only 2 movable joints in the skull? What are sutures?
15.
What is the most common site for fractures in the mandibles
of dogs and cats?
16.
Name each of the five regions of the spinal column. How many
vertebrae are there in each of these regions (can give numerical range, because
we deal with some species variations here…)?
17.
If a veterinarian is doing a hemilaminectomy, what is he/she
doing?
18.
Which vertebra is the landmark we use when taking x-rays of
a dog with intervertebral disk disease?
19.
What are the special characteristics of the lumbar
vertebrae?
20.
Where does the spinal cord terminate in the dog and cat?
Where would a spinal anesthetic be injected in these species? How about in a
cow or pig? What species do we not use spinals in for C-sections?
21.
What color marrow is there in the ribs? What are the other
functions of the ribs?
22.
Name the bones of the shoulder girdle, those of the arm,
forearm (thoracic limb), and the foot. How do we number the digits of the foot
(lateral to medial or medial to lateral?)? How many are there in the dog? How
many in the horse?
23.
Where do sesamoid bones normally develop (at what points?)?
24.
Which digits are weight bearing in ruminants?
25.
In which species are the tibia and fibula NOT fused?
26.
What structure in humans would be analogous to the hock in
animals?
1.
What are the three types of joints (physiological
classification)? What are three types of synarthrodial joints? What are three
types of amphiarthrotic joints? What characterizes diarthrodial joints?
2.
What structures do ligaments join together? What type of
connective tissue is a ligament made of?
3.
What are bursae and what do they do?
4.
What are the six types of joint motion? What happens to the
limb during each of these types of motion?
5.
Name some types of uniaxial joints, biaxial joints, and
multiaxial joints.
6.
What is the name of the socket which contains the head of
the femur? What is wrong with this ball and socket joint in the case of hip
dysplasia? What are some ways in which hip dysplasia can be treated?
7.
What are the most common areas for rupture of the
intervertebral disc?