Muscles

1. What are the three type of muscle in the muscular system? (Suggestion: you might want to make a chart of the characteristics of each tpe of muscle.)

a. What type of muscle is each? In other words, is it striated, non-striated…

b. What control is each of these muscles under (voluntary, involuntary)?

c. Name some places I would find each of these three types.

d. What is the shape of the muscle cells of each type of muscle?

e. Is nerve supply necessary for the function of each of these types of muscle?

f. What is special about the contraction of each of these types of muscle?

g. What color are the different types of muscles usually?

2. Why is the old name for skeletal muscle not very descriptive?

3. If muscle is one of the 4 basic tissues of the body, what are the other four?

4. What are the two distinctive properties of muscle?

5. Name two types of attachments that exist in skeletal muscles. Which one is band-like and which one is sheet-like?

6. What do tendons do (what do they attach to what)? What do ligaments do (what do they attach to what)?

7. What is the difference between the origin and the insertion of a muscle?

8. Regarding classifying a muscle by its action: what does an agonist or prime mover do? What about an antagonist? A flexor? An extensor? An adductor? An abductor?

9. Suggestion: Try drawing yourself a diagram of the skeletal muscle like that in your textbook on p. 261, and label the epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum. Also, draw the sarcomere, the contractile unit of skeletal muscle. Why do the skeletal muscle cells have so many mitochondria?

10. Describe the steps of how the skeletal muscle contracts – start with the nerve impulse coming down the motor nerve fiber….

11. What substance is released from the motor nerve and binds to the sarcolemma?

12. What causes rigor mortis? Describe!

13. Which muscle has a greater range of motion – one with long muscle fibers or short ones? Which muscle is stronger – one with short or long muscle fibers?

14. What are some special qualities of cardiac muscle contraction? Does it need external nervous stimulation to beat? How does it keep up its rate of contraction?

15. What substances determine the presence and strength of smooth muscle contractions (hint: think about the uterus)?

Cardiovascular System

1. Suggestion: If you want more pictures and text to help you understand, take a look at p. 60-74 of your laboratory book… Trace the flow of blood through the heart – if it helps you, draw a picture, write the sequence of blood flow through the heart as if you were an erythrocyte…

2. What are the three valves you can auscult on the left side of the chest? What is the valve you can auscult on the right?

3. What are the layers of the pericardium? What substance helps to lubricate the heart? What is the name of the procedure that would be done to aspirate an excess of this fluid? What is the lining on the INSIDE of the heart called?

4. How is the position of the heart in the cat a little different from that in the dog?

5. What is the major artery associated with the right side of the heart? What does it deliver, and where does it deliver it? What is unusual about this (goes against the normal “rules” for arteries and veins…)?

6. How can we tell the left ventricular walls from those on the right, and why does this difference exist?

7. What does hemoglobin do, and how does increased alkalinity affect it?

8. What is the name of the membrane that covers the walls of the thorax? What about the membrane that covers the walls of the thoracic viscera, like the heart and lungs?

9. What organs and vessels does the mediastinum contain? What is unusual about the mediastinum of horses and dogs, and why do we care about this variation?

10. What are the common venipuncture sites in small animals?

11. Is blood pressure higher in the systemic arterial circulation or the venous circulation? What part of the cardiovascular system carries the highest blood volume?

12. If the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated, what will happen to the heart rate and blood pressure and respiratory rate? What about if the parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated?

13. Review the arteries and veins that come out of the heart – e.g., what are the branches off from the abdominal aorta….

14. What is the sequence of excitation of the heart muscle – in other words, after the SA node fires, what happens next?

15. What happens during systole, what happens during diastole?

16. What function does the lymphatic system serve?

Respiratory

1. What are the important muscles associated with respiration? What is happening when the animal is inhaling and exhaling (hint: what direction are those muscles moving in, what direction are the lungs moving in?)?

2. What are the three basic portions of the respiratory tract, and what structures make up each of these portions?

3. Where does internal respiration take place? What about external respiration?

4. What are three basic functions of the nose?

5. What structures switch places in the pharynx? Before the pharynx how are these structures positioned, and how are they positioned after the caudal portion of the pharynx?

6. Name all of the laryngeal cartilages.

7. Is the caudal part of the lung the base, or the apex?

8. What structure makes up the “meaty looking” appearance of the lungs? Is it part of the conduction portion of the respiratory tract? If not, what portion is it a part of?

9. What structure of the brain controls respirations, and where is it? What three types of receptors are involved in control of respirations?

10. What is the intrapulmonic pressure like in relation to atmospheric pressure during exhalation? What happens to it during inhalation? What happens to the intrapleural pressure during inhalation? What happens to an animal with pneumothorax or a significant pyothorax?

11. What factors can affect respiratory frequency?