1. What are the three basic functions of the nervous system?
2. What is the job of the neuroglia or glial cells?
3. What are the parts of the neuron?
4. What cells form the myelin sheath in the brain and spinal
cord? Which ones form the myelin sheath in the nerves outside the brain?
5. Which type of axon is faster at conducting a nervous
impulse -a myelinated or a non-myelinated one? Why?
6. What are the two major divisions of the nervous system?
What are the two types ofnerves of the peripheral nervous system? Where does
each type emerge from?
7. What are the two types ofnerve fibers (classified by
direction) in the CNS and PNS? In which direction do they carry impulses?
8. What are the somatic and autonomic nervous systems? What
do they do? What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system, and what
are they in charge on What are alternate names for these branches?
9. When a neuron is in resting state, where are there more
sodium (Na+) ions - inside or outside the cell membrane? What about potassium
(K +)ions? What helps to maintain this balance? What is the overall charge of
the neuron in resting
state?
10. During depolarization, what happens to the neuron (what
flows in)? What happens to the electrical charge of the cell?
11. What happens to the neuron during repolarization?
12. What does "all-or-none" mean when referring to
depolarization of the neuron?
13. What substance causes the synaptic bulbs to release
neurotransmitters into the synapse?
14. What are the two categories of neurotransmitters? Which
category does acetylcholine belong to? What about norepinephrine, dopamine, and
epinephrine? Also, what is the name of the group these three neurotransmitters
belong to? What category(ies) do GABA and glycine belong to? Why is knowing the
effects of these neurotransmitters important from a pharmacologic standpoint?
15. What enzyme breaks down acetylcholine? What happens to
the enzyme in animals exposed to organophosphates, and what symptoms would you
expect to see?
16. What are the four sections of the brain, and what is the
function of each?
17. What are the three major structures of the diencephalon?
What is the function of each structure?
18. What are the three layers of meninges (from outside to
inside) that surround the brain and spinal cord?
19. What are the functions of the CNS?
20. What is the blood-brain barrier composed of, and what
does it do? What happens
to it ifit becomes inflamed, and how can the veterinarian
take advantage of this to
use a particular drug?
21. Know the 12 cranial nerves and their functions (see
chart in your textbook p.
155)!
22. Where do the nerves for the sympathetic nervous system
originate, and what is the alternate name for this system (based on where the
nerves originate. ..)? Where do the nerves for the parasympathetic nervous
system originate, and what is their alternate name?
23. Is the preganglionic neuron longer in the
parasympathetic or the sympathetic nervous system, and why do you think this
is?
24. What is the primary neurotransmitter for the sympathetic
nervous system? What is the primary one for the parasympathetic nervous system?
25. What are the three types of sympathetic receptors and
where is each found?
26. What are the two types of acetylcholine receptors, and where
are they found?
27. Describe the stretch reflex. Under what condition~ do
you think it would be activated?
28. Describe the withdrawal reflex. Under what conditions
might it be activated?
29. What is a contralateral reflex?
30. What other 2 reflexes do we care about in the veterinary
field? What do we use them for?
The Endocrine System
1. What responsibility does the nervous and endocrine
systems share in (what function do they both have)?
2. Where do endocrine glands secrete? What about exocrine
glands? Can you think of an organ we have talked about before that has both
functions?
3. What is meant by a negative feedback system? Can you
think of an example of how it works?
4. What are the functions of the hypothalamus?
5. Name the two parts of the pituitary gland. What are
alternate names for these two parts? Name the seven hormones produced in the
anterior pituitary, as well as their functions. Are there any hormones produced
by the posterior pituitary? Which two hormones does it release?
6. What hormones does the thyroid produce, and what are
their functions? What about the parathyroid?
7. Where are the adrenal glands located? What does the
adrenal gland cortex produce? What are Cushing's and Addison's diseases? What
are some symptoms you might see in animals with each of these?
8. What are the endocrine products of the pancreas? What
about the exocrine products?
9. Explain what is wrong with an animal with diabetes
mellitus. What about an animal with diabetes insipidus? What are symptoms you
would see in an animal with diabetes mellitus, and what do you need to be
especially careful about when treating them with insulin?
10. Name some other organs with endocrine cells. What do
they produce, and what is the function of each of these hormones?